30.     Standidge and Co.                                                                1845

 

During the 1830s and 1840s a lot of time and effort was spent reflecting the sanitary conditions of the fast-expanding towns and cities and various reports were drawn up for the House of Commons on health issues. The cholera outbreaks in the early 1830s stirred action. In 1842, for example, a Select Committee paid particular attention to examining whether or not it was desirable from a public health viewpoint that cemeteries in large towns should be allowed to remain open. The committee’s report agreed with the view of the majority of the witnesses that the city cemeteries were overcrowded and a positive danger to health. The report urged that no new cemeteries should be opened within large towns. In a further report of 1845 Thomas Shapter (see also 32) wrote a chapter, accompanied by a plan, to illustrate the report on Exeter in the Health of Towns^[1]. 

Title: Plans & Sections of the City and Suburbs of EXETER, Showing the Sewerage, the Division of the City into Sanatory Districts, &c.

Size: 295 x 477 mm but no scale.

Imprints:   Health of Towns Inquiry (top right, above border) and 8voEd. (top right) and 64/ Standidge & Co. Litho London (bottom right). 

The area shown is from St. David's to the Workhouse and Colleton Crescent to the County Gaol and including the lines of sewers such as The Long Brook and The Barn Field Brook Sewers.. The plan shows some principal buildings: the Cathedral, main churches, the hospitals as well as burial grounds and the water reservoir. Two sections cross the town: horizontally at a scale of 5000 ft = 94 mm; and vertically at 400 ft = 63 mm. Conduit sources (bottom left) are shown. Heights are noted on roads.

Black and white copy. Both illustrations reproduced by kind permission of Devon Archives & Local Studies (OM B/EXE/1845/SHA).

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^[1] Pages 205-266 entitled Report on the Sanatory Condition of Exeter by Thomas Shapter MD, published in London by William Clowes and Sons for HMSO.

 32.     Thomas Shapter                                                                          1849 

During the three years 1832-34 over 400 Exeter and St. Thomas residents lost their lives in outbreaks of Cholera. 1832 was especially severe with over 1,100 cases reported and some 345 deaths between July 19th and October 27th in Exeter. In 1849 Thomas Shapter MD (elected to the chamber in 1833) wrote a report describing the cholera epidemics affecting Exeter in his The History of the Cholera in Exeter in 1832 (published in London by John Churchill and in Exeter by Adam Holden, 1849). The disease showed that the population of the city was still distributed in the same pattern. The well-to-do parishes were those about the High Street, above North & South Streets, St. Martin, St. Petrock, St. Stephen, St. Lawrence, All Hallows and the Bedford area. The poorer parishes were St. Edmund, St. Mary Major, St. Mary Steps and probably All Hallow on the Walls, in effect the western part^[1]. Many of the great merchant houses had been converted into tenements with 8 to 10 persons sharing one room and some larger properties, still occupied by tradesmen and professionals, were now in the midst of brutalising slums.

In the last part of the 18th century the prosperous families escaped from the city to Dix’s Field and the Barnfield or even further out to Heavitree. By the turn of the century Exeter had changed. The thriving industrial and commercial city of 1700 was now a supply centre for goods and services. The cloth industry had all but disappeared. This was all reflected in the Chamber where the members represented the professions and gentility and no longer the merchants and the guilds. The city as Newton wrote in the census of 1831 defined the problems and Exeter, relapsing into the status of a large market town, was ill fitted to deal with them.

Following the cholera epidemic the worst slums were pulled down and some 13 miles of sewers were laid. Plans were made to build 200 labourer’s cottages and although they failed, they led to the Newtown building which started in 1839. In 1838 the commissioners raised £3,000 for the paving of the streets, partly for vehicles and pedestrians and partly to remove the open sewers. In 1834 the New North Road (from Belmont to the New London Inn) was completed and in 1836 Fore Street was lowered to improve the slope. In 1838 Magdalen Street was widened with the houses by the White Hart set back and projections removed and in 1839 the new Queen Street was built between Maddox Row and the High Street. By 1840 the new street pattern was in place to remain within the city for the rest of the century. 

Title: Map of EXETER in 1832 Showing the localities where the Deaths caused by Pestilential Cholera occurred in the years 1832, 1833 & 1834.

Size: 177 x 205 mm (slight projection top right) but no scale. Latitude 50^o40^’ north and Longitude 3^o41’ west are, however, noted.

Imprint: Risdon Lith: Exeter. Note: To face Title page. 

The area shown is from St. Thomas, bottom left, to Pester Lane, top right, where the border is broken to include the cholera burial ground which gave it its name. There are two references: above for references to the cholera such as soup kitchens and deaths in the three years; below for parishes and mortality rates. Interesting points are the shafts for water sunk off Sidwell Street in 1832; Long Brook runs alongside Exe Lane; and the new roads are not shown.

It is a sad drawing showing the places of burial and where clothes burning took place. Death rates were especially high between South Street and Shilhay with very high numbers in the area of Ewings Lane. The final irony: the Great Shilhay, site of the woollen industry for so many years is now the place where the clothes were burnt and buried.

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^[1] St Mary Major had 388 inhabited houses but only 30% were rated and in St. Mary Steps only some 17% were rated: whereas 80% were rated in St. Lawrence and  100% in St. Martin.